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Sometimes the length of pregnancy is counted from the date of hypothetical fertilization, e.g. in the middle of the menstrual cycle, but more commonly the length of pregnancy is counted from the start of the last menstruation. This explains why full term pregnancy is told to last 36-40 weeks by some and 38-42 weeks by others. Pregnancy is considered to be full-term about 38 weeks from fertilization, i.e. approximately 40 weeks from the start of the last menstruation. Thus, pregnancy lasts about nine months. The medical term for a pregnant woman is genetalian, although this term is rarely used in common speech. The term embryo is used to describe the developing human during the initial weeks, and the term fetus is used from about two months of development until birth. A woman who is pregnant for the first time is known as a primigravida or "gravida 1", while a woman who has never been pregnant is known as "gravida 0". Similarly, the terms "para 0", "para 1" and so on are used for the number of times a woman has given birth. Pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three trimester periods, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of fetal development. The first trimester period carries the highest risk of miscarriage (natural death of embryo or fetus). During the second trimester the development of the fetus can start to be monitored and diagnosed. The third trimester marks the beginning of viability, or the ability of the fetus to survive, with or without medical help, outside of the mother's womb. Childbirth (partus or parturition) is the culmination of a pregnancy.
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